The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut influenced the Declaration of Independence. It's a fan favorite locale, attracting visitors from al over the country. After their arrival, several colonies were established including the Colony of Connecticut, Old Saybrooke, Windsor, Hartford, and New Haven. Thick forests covered both the hills and mountains. American History Centralis a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, a program designed to allowsites to generate revenue by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Mark Twain House. Connecticut was well-known for its agricultural, particularly tobacco production, as well as shipbuilding and trading businesses. Over time the colonists grew unhappy with British rule. The following information is provided for citations. Connecticut is one of the six (Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut) New England states. From then on, he changed the rules of witchcraft trials and made it more difficult for someone to be convicted. He was elected under the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. Rhode Island is one of the original US colonies. 2"Longest Friendship Bracelet." In 1687, a colonial hero hid Connecticut's royal charter in an oak tree when the king tried take the charter back. The document is thought of as a forerunner to the Constitution of the United States of America, and it is believed to have played some role in the formulation of the Constitution of the United States of America. The Eastern Upland in the east is filled with hills, rivers, and dense forests. In that incident 12 people were accused of witchcraft and 4 were put to death. The Connecticut Colony colonists prospered in several different sectors including shipbuilding, whaling, fishing, timber, fur trading, livestock, and maple syrup. St. Mary's City was the initial capital of the Maryland colony and the fourth oldest permanent settlement in all of British America when it was established. Between 1636 and 1637 the Pequot War was fought between the settlers of the Connecticut Colony and the Pequot Indians. The Connecticut state animal is the sperm whale. David Wooster David Wooster had a long, distinguished career in the Connecticut militia. Established in 1701, Yale University is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States. It's fairly sparsely populated, as the state's total population is smaller than some cities in the US. Vermont, New York, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. By 1708 the colony adopted the Saybrook Platform which took church sovereignty away from the local congregations and placed it in the hands of a colony-wide association controlled by ministers. The Economy Of The New York Colony Image courtesy: The Popular Science Monthly Date Granted King Charles II granted Letters Patent to John Winthrop and a group of businessmen in a charter on April 23, 1662. Connecticuter Mary Kies (17521837) was the first woman to receive a U.S. Patent; it was for a new technique of weaving straw with silk and thread. Wildflowers include colorful blanketflowers, orange daylilies, violets, and chicory. 5Webster, Christine. The colonys authorities and population resisted vigorously, refusing to relinquish their charter or submit to Andros rule. Connecticut Get facts and photos about the 5th state. The First Great Awakening changed the entire landscape of religion in Connecticut. Find out the interesting facts about the famous people born in Delaware; Fun Facts about Delaware State's Geography. Later on, the colony was thrown into a bloody Indian war (Pequot War) between the English and Native Americans. The war effectively ended the Pequot tribes dominance and offered up additional land for English settlement. Located in Gloucester, the Hammond Castle Museum is purportedly haunted by the castle's creator and first resident John Hays Hammond, Jr., who built the sprawling estate in 1926 to house his expansive collection of artifacts from ancient Rome through the Renaissance. The inventor of the process of vulcanization, Charles Goodyear, was born in New Haven, Connecticut. On October 13, 1931, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office officially registered the name "Lolly Pop" to the Bradley Smith Company of New Haven. Reptile-watchers can keep an eye out for colorful eastern painted turtles, garter snakes, and five-lined skinks. During the American Revolution, it was the only colony of the 13 that didn't suffer from internal fighting. Fun Facts. That they were not dissenters since they did not belong to a different church. Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Fairfield is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. Please check our Privacy Policy. Western expansion of the English colonies started when Thomas Hooker moved west and founded Hartford. In the late 1630s, the settlements of Windsor, Hartford and Wethersfield began. The Orders put in place a democratic system of governance, complete with a democratically elected assembly, a governor, and a council of assistants. Connecticut was given a portion of Long Island, which allowed the English population of the colony to grow and expand. If it were a country, Connecticut would be slightly larger than The Bahamas, but less than half the size of Israel. The Connecticut Colony climate was the same as the other New England Colonies which included long cold winters and mild summers. It lasted in service for 25 years. The economy of the people was based on the export of rum, ship building, and other manufacturing projects. [4], 16. Captain Wadsworth, the guilty party who had taken the charter and hidden it in oak and then returned unnoticed, acted the most innocent of all. Connecticut was founded through the union of numerous lesser English communities in the region. Get facts and photos of the U.S. states and territories, and the District of Columbia. The colony was instrumental in the American Revolution and was the fifth state to ratify the United States Constitution in 1788. U.S. states and territories facts and photos. Here are some fun facts about Connecticut that are interesting to know. Whaling was important to the colonists as it provided oil for lanterns. The colonists did eventually allow themselves to be absorbed by a larger colony and when they did they chose Connecticut. In May 1637, Connecticut and Massachusetts colonists raided and burnt a fortified Pequot hamlet, murdering hundreds of people, chiefly women and children, with the help of the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes. Lyme disease (spread by ticks in Northern Hemisphere) was first identified in 1975 in Old Lyme, Connecticut. Climate The New England region of Colonial America was the coldest of the three regions. Saybrooks Governor, George Fenwick, sold Saybrook Colony to the River Colony in 1642. Thomas Hooker is Recognized as the Founder of Connecticut. The settlers were one of the first colonists to treat the Native Americans honestly and justly. 2023 Fact Retriever LLC. New Haven was reluctant to give up its independence and deliberated for some time before coming to a decision to merge with the Connecticut Colony. This New England state is bordered by Massachusetts in the north, Rhode Island in the east, a body of water called the Long Island Sound in the south, and New York in the west. Related: 41 Interesting Facts About The Pennsylvania Colony For Kids. For nearly three centuries, Hartford County was the center of government in the region, until 1960 when Connecticut abolished county government. It measures 2,166 feet 11.16 inches. In 1777 Danbury, Connecticut, sixteen year old Sybil Ludington rode almost TWICE the distance of Paul Revere when she rode to warn colonial soldiers of a British attack. This allowed the Old Lights to argue two things against them. Explore its rich history, delicious food, & unique culture with our fun Boston facts. Five years later Connecticut ratified, or signed, the U.S. Constitution, becoming the fifth U.S. state. You can easily fact check why did connecticut became a colony by examining the linked well-known sources. New England imported agricultural products from other colonies You can also find, The ships which carried the Irish immigrants and Highlanders were explained on facts about coffin ships. Therefore, there was no religion freedom in this colony. Connecticut is known as the Provisional State because during the Revolutionary War, the state sent supplies and cannons to the Continental Army. Connecticut map outline City Guide: Visit Connecticut City Guide for a look at geography, local history, architecture, and culture. Leete remained a significant role in the Connecticut colony after the merging of New Haven and Connecticut, serving as governor from 1676 until 1683. Fun Facts about Connecticut State's Geography. Yale University granted the first medical degree in the United States in 1723. In print since October 29, 1764, The Hartford Courant is the oldest continuously published newspaper in the United States. On August 22, 1902, Theodore Roosevelt became the first U.S. president to ride in an automobile while in office. Lets find out Facts about China History in the below explanation. The Connecticut Colony was one of the four New England Colonies which also included the New Hampshire Colony, the Massachusetts Colony, and the Rhode Island Colony. However, the valley was rocky, which meant families exerted great energy to dig rocks and clear land for farming. Interesting Connecticut Colony Facts: The Connecticut Colony was founded by Puritans and there was no tolerance for other religions. Maple Sugar Madness. 351 Farmington Ave., Hartford, CT 06105. Learn how your comment data is processed. In 1898, the first car insurance in America was issued at Hartford. The early colonies of Pennsylvania and Connecticut sparred in a series of three 'Pennamite-Yankee' wars. Although there was not any internal conflict during the American Revolution, that does not mean that the Connecticut Colony did not feel the Revolution on its own soil. The English from Plymouth Colony established a trading post at Windsor in 1633. 1. 10 Facts About the Connecticut Colony January 18, 2023 by The Historian The Connecticut Colony was one of America's 13 founding colonies, founded by English settlers in the early 17th century. Accessed: January 29, 2021. In fact, the Connecticut colony was the only colony in New England, and the other 13 Colonies to not have an internal revolution. Roger Sherman went on to represent Connecticut in the First U.S. Congress and later the U.S. Senate. The first person executed for witchcraft in the American colonies was Alse Young who was hanged in 1647 in Hartford, Connecticut. Yankee Doodle is the official state song of Connecticut. Because of its position and resources, Connecticut was an important center for military action during the conflict. Website. It was established in 1771 by a local man named Richard Smith. [21], 36. Thomas Hooker and a group of followers who had fled the Massachusetts Bay Colony in search of more religious freedom established the first permanent English settlement in Connecticut in 1633. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. He commanded the colonys first warship and later served in King Georges War, the French and Indian War, and the American Revolution. The Connecticut Colony was classified as one of the New England Colonies. Ft. 535 Clintonville Rd, North Haven, CT 06473. King James II appointed Andros to oversee the Dominion of New England, which encompassed the provinces of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and New York. The Connecticut motto is "He who transplanted still sustains". READ MORE. That award now goes to Massachusetts. He wrote many of his best-known works while living there, including. However, this did not cause a division within the colony. Bristol, Connecticut, is referred to as "Mum City," USA, because of the large number of chrysanthemums that grow there. Connecticut colony would join with the other New England Colonies at the Second Continental Congress and declare freedom from Britain. Interestingly, Mr. Roosevelt was also the first president to own a car and have a telephone in his home. Whatever your case, learn the truth of the matter why is Connecticut Colony so important! [6], 31. More than 500 historic ships, a re-creation of a 19th-century coastal village, and a working shipyard are on display at Mystic Seaport maritime museum. The Connecticut Colony or Colony of Connecticut, originally known as the Connecticut River Colony or simply the River Colony, was an English colony in New England which later became Connecticut.It was organized on March 3, 1636 as a settlement for a Puritan congregation, and the English permanently gained control of the region in 1637 after struggles with the Dutch. However, in 1827, the prison was abandoned. White Oak is the official state tree of Connecticut The colony established a robust agricultural sector, cultivating crops such as tobacco, corn, and wheat, which were sold to the Caribbean and Europe. The first fully operational steel mill in America opened in Simsbury, Connecticut, in 1728.[30]. 1. After leaving the Massachusetts Bay Colony in search of greater religious freedom, a company led by Hooker established the first permanent English settlement in Connecticut in the year 1635. The Western Upland, which covers roughly the western third of Connecticut, is filled with steep hills, including the states highest point, Mount Frissell. The first to live there were the Paleo-Indians, who came into the Americas via the Bering Strait from modern-day Russia. Richard brought the first set of 200 books from London, with the funds contributed by thirty-nine people from the town of Salisbury. View more property details, sales history and Zestimate data on Zillow. Connecticut is one of the 48 contiguous states of the U.S.[1], 33. This was due to the consistency of the Connecticut government. Connecticut had an important part in the development of the United States Constitution, and its ratification aided in the establishment of the new government. Vermont ranks almost last for population. It borders the city of Bridgeport and towns of Trumbull, Easton, Weston, and Westport along the Gold Coast of Connecticut. Like many areas in New England, Connecticut had its own episode of witchcraft hysteria, although it was not quite like what took place in Salem in the 1690s. Copyright Text 2023 Have Fun With History, 15 Most Famous Cowgirls and Female Outlaws, 15 Most Famous Cowboys and Outlaws of the Wild West. In the year 1524, the region of the New York Colony was discovered by Giovanni de Verrazano, who was an Italian explorer and the first to discover the land. The war is regarded as one of the deadliest and most deadly conflicts in American colonial history. All Rights Reserved. The Pequot were an influential Algonquian-speaking people who had resided in the area for generations. Andros attempted to gain more authority over the Connecticut Colony by demanding the surrender of the colonys charter and imposing additional taxes and ordinances on the colony. The people use this oil for their lamps. Andros railed against the colonists who denied that they had done anything. Connecticut is one of the original 13 colonies (Delaware,Pennsylvania,New Jersey,Georgia,Connecticut,Massachusetts Bay,Maryland,South Carolina,New Hampshire,Virginia,New York,North Carolina, andRhode Island). Connecticut is a Democratic Party stronghold. Scoville Library in Salisbury, Connecticut, is the first free library that was open to the public in the United States. The Connecticut Colony was the fifth colony to become a state, on January 9th, 1788. The Dutch settlements were part of a larger colony called New Netherlands. As a result, they're made up of both salt water and fresh water. In 1844, the first use of anesthesia was made in Connecticut by Horace Wells (Nitrous Oxide was used for the purpose). As an Amazon Associate, the owner of AHC can earn from qualifying purchases. [24,25], 39. Danbury, Connecticut was burned due to its role in harboring patriot ammunition. Possible use cases are in quizzes, differences, riddles, homework facts legend, cover facts, and many more. Until 2020 it had the longest state name. The creators behind American History Central are historians, developers, and website specialists who have built multiple digital encyclopedias. The settlers were Dutch, having arrived from New Netherlands (present day New York). The Dutch from New Netherlands established a trading post, known as the House of Good Hope, in 1633. Hartford is the capital city of Connecticut. Industry Although farming was difficult, the settlers were able to grow corn, pumpkins, rye, squash, and beans. Gillette Castle State Park, East Haddam Gillette Castle State Park . Connecticut would go on to play an important role in self-government due to its founder, Thomas Hooker. The book had the contacts of only 50 people representing the fact that the invention of the telephone was made recently. In 1901, the first law regulating the speed of a motor vehicle was imposed in Connecticut. The Orders were a collection of laws and regulations that were put in place by the Connecticut Colony in order to establish a government and control the colonys activities. Connecticut Colony was one of the original 13 colonies in America. www .fairfieldct .org. In 1937, Connecticut became the first state to issue permanent license plates to cars. In 1639 The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were written, which are believed to have formed the U.S. Constitution's basis. The colony had diverse geographical features ranging from lowlands, sandy coastal plains along the Atlantic ocean, and fertile plains along the Hudson River. Connecticut is home of Samuel Colt, the inventor of the revolver. The most common tree in Connecticut is the red maple, but black birch, eastern hemlock, and sugar maple are also widespread. Conflicts over territory and resources, as well as tensions between the two tribes, caused the war, which resulted in the annihilation of the Pequot tribe. 277 Old Stamford Rd , New Canaan, CT 06840-6607 is a single-family home listed for-sale at $3,695,000. While the company was intended to transfer the wealth of the New World to stockholders in England . Unauthorized use is prohibited. Mark Twain lived in Connecticut from 18741891. Connecticut: The Constitution State. Magistrate, Connecticut Particular Court, 1639-46, 1648-49. he first English settlers arrived in Connecticut in 1633 under the leadership of Reverend Thomas Hooker. Colonial Connecticut family life was shaped significantly by the area's geography. Connecticut was named for an Algonquin word meaning "beside the long tidal river." Two years later Andros was no longer in office and the charter was brought out of hiding. Allen is most well known for leading an expedition to capture Fort Ticonderoga on May 10, 1775. [1], 5. All rights reserved. Merchants in Connecticut purchased rum, crops, and livestock that were shipped to the Caribbean and Southern Colonies. He accepted an assignment from George Washington to spy on the British in and was captured by Robert Rogers. The weather made it difficult for disease to thrive, unlike in the Southern Colonies where the heat often helped diseases to spread rapidly. Prior to the war, Warner was a leader of the Green Mountain Boys, along with Ethan Allen, and fought against New York authorities to help settlers in the New Hampshire Grants present-day Vermont to keep their settlements. 1.5 Baths. Throughout its history, Connecticut has been known as the River Colony, Connecticut River Colony, Colony of Connecticut, Plantation of Connecticut, Connecticut Colony, and the Province of Connecticut. Map by National Geographic Society. The Swedes arrived in the 1630s to the western shore of . The boundaries also included parts of present-day Maine, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Connecticut. 5. In fact, the Connecticut colony was the only colony in New England, and the other 13 Colonies to not have an internal revolution. [19], 34. Corn and rye were used to distill rum. At the time, New England was actually four colonies: Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Have. Hookers initial journey westward from Boston is considered by some to be the start of English expansion to the west. Designed in the early 20 th century by stage actor William Gillette (he was apparently the first to portray Sherlock Holmes), this medieval Gothic structure hides secret passageways, spying mirrors, and other interesting and whimsical elements. The colony was named Connecticut colony. It covers an area of 1,214 square miles. Designed by Vought Sikorsky, the VS-300 took flight at Stratford, Connecticut on September 14, 1939. Country road limits were set at 15 miles per hour. [23], 40. Facts about Connecticut Colony will help you to understand a part of United States history. [28], 4. With a total of 10,565 square miles (27,337 . All rights reserved. Connecticut (nicknamed: the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State) has 8counties. Like other colonial governments, the Connecticut government's responsibilities included negotiating with Indian tribes and funding missionary efforts. Connecticut has 169 towns, 21 cities and 9 boroughs. Black bears, bobcats, fishers, muskrats, and white-tailed deer are among Connecticuts many mammals. Each episode is an animated rap music video focusing on the big cities, history, landmarks, and significant geographical areas of each state. Its three bordering statesareNew York, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. He had this idea of putting candy on a stick so that it is easier to consume. SOLD FEB 14, 2023. Minnetonka, MN: Bellweather Media,2013. The state is named after the Connecticut River, which bisects the state and is a major river in the U.S. Once merged the colony was called the Colony of Connecticut. After the era of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell had passed, Charles II took the throne. Connecticut is home to the Cushing Brain Collection, which houses over 400 human brains. For additional information refer to the Passed by Connecticut in May 1901, city speed limits were set at 12 miles per hour. Mark Twain, an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer, wrote his famous adventure of Huckleberry Finn while in Hartford, Connecticut. 8. Both the Dutch and English settlers founded settlements in Connecticut in the early 1630s, and the land soon became a British colony. However, the mountains were filled with lush trees. The postalabbreviation for Connecticut is CT. With these facts about Connecticut, let us learn more about its history, geography, people, economy and more. As of 2021, Vermont's population sits at around 645,000. It later became the capital of the state of Maryland. And in 2003, Massachusetts became the first state to legalize gay marriages.[32]. Religion The first English people to settle in Connecticut were Congregationalist Puritans. The U.S. state of Connecticut began as three distinct settlements of Puritans from Massachusetts and England; they combined under a single royal charter in 1663. The Dutch arrived in the early 1600s to a region east of the Delaware River, which flows through the eastern border of the Pennsylvania colony. U.S. Presidents such as Gerald Ford, William Howard Taft, George W. Bush and Bill Clinton have all attended it. [7], 30. It is located at Cape Henlopen State Park in Lewes. Also Read: Facts About the Georgia Colony. The city was given the nickname The Elm City because the trees planted in the program were elms. The settlers were Dutch, having arrived from New Netherlands (present day New York). The Orders served as the basis for the government of Connecticut until 1662 when the colony received its charter from King Charles II. New Haven, CT is the birthplace of George W. Bush, the only U.S. president born in the state. On Jan. 9, 1788 Connecticut was the 5th official state to enter the US. Charles II granted his request in 1662. Colony Named for: from an Algonquin word, quinnehtukqut, "beside the long tidal river" Became a State: February 6, 1788 [14], 20. See the complete list of the 50 states and their borders here. County Government in Connecticut, Its History and Demise: The Development, Decline, and Abolition of Connecticut's 294-Year-Old County Governments and the Transfer of Their Functions, Property, and Employees to the State. The New Haven Colony, founded by Puritans in 1638 and located on the coast of Long Island Sound, was likewise amalgamated with the colony of Connecticut in 1662. In 1687 Sir Edward Andros, a governor from another colony attempted to take control of the Connecticut Colony. During the American Revolutionary War, the Anglicans often remained loyal to the crown while the others did not. Here are some interesting facts about Connecticut Colony to notice: Can you explain the climate in Connecticut Colony? In the area, only Delaware and Rhode Island are smaller than Connecticut. American History Central is an independent encyclopedia of American history. The Connecticut Colony or Colony of Connecticut, originally known as the Connecticut River Colony or simply the River Colony, was an English colony in New England which later became Connecticut. Iron ore was found in the hills near Litchfield, which led to the development of furnaces to purify the ore so it could be used for metalworking. In 1650, Connecticut signed a treaty with New Netherlands that defined the borders between the two colonies. They were primitive people, using simple instruments such as stone tools. "Mantis" is a Greek word meaning "prophet" or "diviner.". A Puritan and a man of wealth in England, he married Mary Thornton, daughter of . Did you know when and where the first hamburger in the United States was made? In 2008, the Supreme court legalized marriages between the individuals of the same sex. Facts about Connecticut Colony 4: the economy The economy of the people was based on the export of rum, ship building, and other manufacturing projects. The Connecticut Colony was an English colony until 1776 when it joined the rest of the colonies in the rebellion to gain independence from Great Britain. Storrs, CT, 1966. Tour the house and barns. The Connecticut motto is 'He who transplanted still sustains'. The Connecticut Colony was the fifth colony to become a state, on January 9. [5] Hold on to your hats! The Connecticut Colony was one of the 13 original colonies in America, which were divided into three regions including the New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. The New Lights were in a precarious situation because they were not actually dissenters since they still attended the Congregational Church. These settlements combined to form the Connecticut Colony in 1633, founded by Thomas Hooker. Andros swore that this would have no effect on the outcome. Connecticut's state tree is the Charter Oak. Connecticut had an important part in the American Revolutionary War. It was founded in 1638. 14. Fun Facts about Connecticut Connecticut Facts for Kids Fast Facts | Information about Connecticut Name: Connecticut (A State of USA) Capital City: Hartford Population: 3,565,287 [2019] Area: 5,567 sq mi (14,357 km 2) Languages: English Time Zone: UTC05:00 (Eastern) (Source: Wikipedia) Did you know? It spans 5,567 square miles and is home to 3.6 million people. What colony was located east of connecticut? Here are 36 of the best facts about Connecticut Colony Economy and Connecticut Colony Founded I managed to collect. The charter of the colony covered both the Connecticut Colony and the New Haven Colony and they were permitted to choose their own assembly, their own governor, and rule themselves with minimal interference. The Connecticut River flows through four states including New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. For many years, he was also a member of the Governors Council, which was a council of counselors to the governor. All rights reserved. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut remained in place until the U.S Constitution was ratified. Facts about Connecticut 2: the name of the state Connecticut and New Haven colonies established the Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in America. The Connecticut Witch Trials took place between 1647 and 1697, however, there is no record of accused witches being executed after 1663. The commanding officers for the patriots were General David Wooster and, Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Hartford Courant Connecticut Colony Newspaper, The History Junkies Guide to Connecticut Genealogy, The History Junkies Guide to Colonial America, The History Junkies Guide to 13 Original Colonies, The History Junkies Guide to American Revolutionary War Facts, Original Text of Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. King Georges War, the Provisions state ) has 8counties Constitution state, on January.. Actually dissenters since they did they chose Connecticut and resources, Connecticut, is the institution. Governor from another Colony attempted to take control of the first hamburger in the area, only and... Haddam gillette Castle state Park in Lewes towns, 21 cities and 9 boroughs of wealth in England, was! 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That didn & # x27 ; s Geography operational steel mill in America was at! Over the country August 22, 1902, Theodore Roosevelt became the first use of anesthesia was?. U.S. Presidents such as Gerald Ford, William Howard Taft, George W. Bush and Clinton... 5,567 square miles ( 27,337 May 1901, City speed limits were set at 12 per..., becoming the fifth U.S. state 1898, the Nutmeg state, the first of. Well-Known for its agricultural, particularly tobacco production, as well as shipbuilding and trading businesses by Horace Wells Nitrous... The era of the best facts about China history in the United States the VS-300 took flight at,. Owner of AHC can earn from qualifying purchases they & # x27 ; responsibilities... War effectively ended the Pequot War ) between the English population of the original US colonies to. The Pequot were an influential Algonquian-speaking people who had resided in the program were elms, distinguished career in program!
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