The length of ones stay in the United States also plays an important role in shaping self-identification. While the social realities of Indian Americans are often glossed over, recent events have brought them to the fore. As one might expect, first-generation (foreign-born) and second-generation (U.S.-born) respondents approach this question differently (see figure 12). Of this latter group, the overwhelming majority83 percentcategorize themselves as General or upper caste. This map displays the top origin regions of immigrants in the United States (default view), based on 2009-2013 American Community Survey data. This section reviews respondents views on discrimination against Indian Americans. Chinese Americans are the largest Asian origin group in the U.S., making up 24% of the Asian population, or 5.4 million people. How do Indian Americans perceive their own ethnic identity and how much emphasis do they place on their Indian-ness? Finally, volunteering or working on a political campaign appears to be the least common form of political engagement. Given the fact that the majority of younger Indian Americans below age twenty-seven are born in the United States while the opposite is true of those above age twenty-seven, YouGov oversampled younger Indian Americans between the ages of eighteen and twenty-seven to ensure that the studys analyses can make inferences about generational differences within the Indian American community. Further analysis shows that both age and duration of stay in the United States are important. Visit BusinessInsider.com for more stories. The results are shown in figure 22. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. In 2017, 45% were naturalized U.S. citizens. Online panels are not the same as traditional, probability-based surveys. 33 One might also expect variation based on a respondents age. Homophilythe tendency of individuals to associate with people similar to themselvesis a strong determinant of social networks.41 But which dimensionreligion, region of origin, or castedrives ones associations? . The number of naturalization applications has climbed in recent years, though the annual totals remain below the 1.4 million applications filed in 2007. Language and personal barriers, lack of interest and financial barriers are among the top reasons for choosing not to naturalize cited by Mexican-born green card holders, according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey. Apart from attending religious services, the survey asks respondents how frequently they pray (outside of the times they attend religious services). As the United States witnesses a resurgence of violence and hate speech targeting Asian Americans, how might it affect Americans of Indian origin? Given the relative religious homogeneity of Indian Americans social networks, figure 20 investigates whether there is variation by respondents religion, focusing on the three major religious groups in the Indian American communityChristian, Hindu, and Muslim. Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. For respondents who experienced discrimination, the survey asks whether the perpetrators of discrimination were Indian, non-Indian, or both (see figure 28). Religious affiliation too correlates with ones feelings toward their Indian identity. 1 Remarks by President Biden in a Call to Congratulate the NASA JPL Perseverance Team on the Successful Mars Landing, White House, March 4, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-a-call-to-congratulate-the-nasa-jpl-perseverance-team-on-the-successful-mars-landing/. Thirty percent of non-citizen IAAS respondents possess a green card (or a permanent residency card), which places them on a pathway to gaining U.S. citizenship. Religious differences, in particular, have emerged as a salient divide both in India and among members of the diaspora. Formed in 2021, we provide fact-based, non-partisan news. Devesh Kapur is the Starr Foundation Professor of South Asian Studies and director of Asia Programs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). 27 There is significant variation in the frequency of prayer based on respondents age. Interestingly, among IAAS respondents, Diwali emerges as the most celebrated holiday63 percent of respondents report that they celebrate the Indian festival of lights (see figure 16). Country. Respondents can select from one of three responses: very comfortable, somewhat comfortable, or not comfortable. The interactive map below visualizes all of them based on their prior country of residence. 4 Sanjoy Chakravorty, Devesh Kapur, and Nirvikar Singh, The Other One Percent: Indians in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017). 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW At the other end of the spectrum, 24 percent of foreign-born respondents feel more Indian than American, a sentiment shared by just 11 percent of their U.S.-born counterparts. Generally, most immigrants eligible for naturalization apply to become citizens. We do ask that you be kind. A quarter said legal immigration to the U.S. should be decreased (24%), while one-third (38%) said immigration should be kept at its present level and almost another third (32%) said immigration should be increased. . You are leaving the website for the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy and entering a website for another of Carnegie's global centers. Among all immigrants, those from South Asia (71%) were the most likely to have a bachelors degree or more. Send a Message. Rounding out the list are caste (35 percent), economic policy (29 percent), and language (24 percent). Christians are the most observant group as far as attending religious services is concerned. Another way of examining respondents regional connections in India is to look at their linguistic backgrounds. The survey asks a follow-up question to respondents who report having any friends of Indian origin (of the entire sample of 1,200 respondents, 1,093 fall into this category): Among your Indian origin friends, how many a) belong to the same religion as you; b) are from same region of India as you; and c) are of the same caste as you? The purpose of this question is to investigate whether Indian-origin social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous. Indian Americans who have no allegiance to either major party hold slightly asymmetric views as well. By 2017, that number had declined by 1.7 million, or 14%. Between 1990 and 2000, the number of foreign born from India in the United States more than doubled. In addition, the survey asks respondents whether, in the last twelve months, they have personally felt discriminated against. Among Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents, 88% think immigrants strengthen the country with their hard work and talents, and just 8% say they are a burden. Mexico was the most often mentioned birthplace among respondents in 32 states who indicated they were born outside of the U.S. More than 11 million immigrants, or nearly 25% of all immigrants in the U.S., come from Mexico. This report examines the Hispanic population of the United States by its 10 largest origin groups. Overall, 89 percent of Hindus and Muslims apiece report they are very or somewhat comfortable having friends of the other faith. U.S. Census data affirm that Indian Americans enjoy a standard of living that is roughly double that of the median American household, underpinned by substantially greater educational attainmentthe share of Indian Americans with at least a bachelors degree is twice the national average.4 However, these aggregate figures mask severe inequalities within the community. There is surprisingly little systematic data about the everyday social realities that Indian Americans experience. However, there is marked variation by place of birth. 28 Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley; Jennifer Medina, Debate Erupts in California Over Curriculum on Indias History, New York Times, May 4, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/us/debate-erupts-over-californias-india-history-curriculum.html. Nearly one in four respondents reports no particular attachment to a state of origin. The brightness of a country corresponds to its total migration to the U.S. at the given time. These sentiments are a far cry from those expressed by a special commission established by the U.S. Congress whose 1911 report declared that Hindus were universally regarded as the least desirable race of immigrants thus far admitted to the United States.3 More than a century laterfrom Silicon Valley CEOs to White House power brokers and influential members of Congress to leaders in fields like journalism, health, science, and engineeringthe emergence of the Indian diaspora is a remarkable coming-of-age story. The first table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net domestic migration, while the second table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net international migration. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, How Will Indian Americans Vote? An equal percentage of respondents18 percent apiecereport that they have been discriminated against due to their gender or religion. Around 21 percent express no opinion either way. Many states have large immigrant populations from India. These patterns break down quite differently by religion, however (see figure 8). The previous section demonstrated that, for many Indian Americans, shared religious affiliation is the most important characteristic of respondents social networks. The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. They are more likely to say they are very comfortable having Democratic than Republican friends, and three times as many say they would not be comfortable having close Republican friends than close Democratic friends. Thirty percent of Congress supporters are not comfortable having close friends who support the BJP; this is double the share of BJP supporters who are uncomfortable having close friends who are Congress supporters. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 49 Although sample sizes are extremely small, it does seem that Hindu respondents who affirmatively identify with a caste are more likely to report discrimination on the basis of caste. The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. This finding tracks with other studies of immigrant communities.37. Bookmark Quiz Bookmark Quiz Bookmark. This paper argues that while there is much that binds the community, there are also nascent signs that these common bonds are being tested as religious cleavages, generational divides, and political polarization invite fragmentation. Immigrants from Mexico (7%) and Central America (11%) were the least likely to have a bachelors or higher. Self-identification also varies by religion. Sixteen percent identify as a member of OBC and 1 percent each identify as Adivasi/Scheduled Tribe (ST) or Dalit/Scheduled Caste (SC). In the 1820s, nearly 60,000 Irish immigrated to the United States. Those who wish to do so may apply after meeting certain requirements, including having lived in the U.S. for five years. They alone account for 4.6% of the civilian labor force, a dip from their peak of 5.4% in 2007. Immigrants from Mexico have the lowest rates of English proficiency (34%), followed by those from Central America (35%), East and Southeast Asia (50%) and South America (56%). It Depends on the Measure, Pew Research Center, June 17, 2014, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/. This study draws on a new source of empirical data to answer these and other questions. 53 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, On India, A Fracture in the Diaspora, Hindustan Times, February 10, 2021, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/on-india-a-fracture-in-the-diaspora-101612878777662.html. According to IAAS data, 54 percent of respondents report belonging to the Hindu faith (see figure 6). . First, the survey asked respondents how important being Indian is to their identity. When asked how important religion is in their life, 72 percent of respondents reply that religion is either very important or somewhat important. This is possibly a reflection of Indias current political climate. The IAAS asks respondents how they self-identify; after all, identities are liminal and individuals might identify with any number of identity categories. This could be the result of circumstance and context, or it could be the product of social distancethe relative distance that one feels toward members of an out-group (religious, ethnic, partisan, and so on) relative to members of ones own in-group. Not only are Hindus less likely to report attending religious services, but they are also less likely to say that they pray. Jonathan Kay is a nonresident research assistant in the Carnegie South Asia Program. Want the news delivered straight to your inbox? On the other hand, Muslims are much more likely to self-identify as South Asian (27 percent compared to 7 percent of Christians and 5 percent of Hindus). One might expect, however, that the importance of a respondents Indian identity might vary by their place of birth. The next two largest origin groups are Indian Americans, who account for 21% of the total (4.6 million people), and Filipinos, who account for 19% (or 4.2 million people). Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. The survey instrument contains 157 questions organized across six modules: basic demographics; immigration, citizenship, and family background; presidential campaigns and voting; U.S. politics and foreign policy; culture and social behavior; and Indian politics. Some 27% of immigrants were permanent residents and 5% were temporary residents in 2017. Since 1980, the U.S. Census has categorized Indians as Asian Indian, a subset of the Asian racial category. citizens. U.S. President Joe Biden remarked in a March 2021 phone call with Swati Mohan, an Indian-origin scientist charged with overseeing the highly anticipated landing of the Perseverance Mars rover for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Its amazing. . Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees. Seventy-six percent believe there is a similar degree of discrimination against Hispanic people, while 71 percent say the same about discrimination against people of Asian origin.47. In 2020, about8% of Minnesotans were foreign-born, but that percentage was as high as 37% in the late 1800s. 50 Surinder S. Jodhka and Ghanshyam Shah, Comparative Contexts of Discrimination: Caste and Untouchability in South Asia, Economic and Political Weekly 45, no. Fifty-eight percent of Christians report attending church at least once or several times per week. Conversely, second-generation Indian Americans born in the United States are more likely to embrace the terms South Asian American, Asian American, and the nonhyphenated American. You guys are incredible.1, While some in the media interpreted Bidens off-the-cuff remark as an unfortunate gaffe, others viewed it as affirmation of the growing influence of the Indian American diaspora. Another 23% of all immigrants were unauthorized immigrants. 12 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote? Between 2007 and 2017, this group decreased by 2 million. A very small minority, around 10 percent, strongly or somewhat disagrees. However, their political views in the latter might also be influenced by politics in their country of origin. Figure 14 disaggregates the results by place of birth and citizenship status. In fact, that is precisely what the data suggest (see figure 10). This statistic is nearly identical to the average of the American population at large. The Asian population in the United States has nearly doubled since 2000, and Asians are projected to be the nation's largest immigrant group by the middle of the century, according to a new. . document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2023 Dallas Express. One of the questions asks respondents what their country of birth is. Nearly half of all Muslims (48 percent) say they attend religious services regularly as well. Rankings only apply to origin countries that meet this criterion. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America are less likely to be high school graduates than the U.S. born (54% and 47%, respectively, do not have a high school diploma, vs. 8% of U.S. born). Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. Forty percent of respondents report praying either several times a day or once a daysignificantly more than the 27 percent of the sample that attends religious services at least once a week. But how Indian Americans choose to deploy this influence remains an open question. There is a separate table for the U.S. territories. 8 See, inter alia, Thenmozhi Soundararajan, A New Lawsuit Shines a Light on Caste Discrimination in the U.S. and Around the World, Washington Post, July 13, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/13/new-lawsuit-shines-light-caste-discrimination-us-around-world/; and Yashica Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley, New York Times, July 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html. There are a host of plausible reasons why U.S.-born Indian Americans might report greater discrimination, including differences in social norms, greater awareness of discriminatory practices, or less fear of retaliation.48. The top countries of origin for immigrants were the Dominican Republic (11 percent of immigrants), China (9 percent), Mexico (5 percent), Jamaica (5 percent), and India (4 percent). Overall, a majority of Americans have positive views about immigrants. Despite being one of the largest immigrant groups in the United States, Americans of Indian descent were barely represented in politics. Thirteen percent have a high school diploma and just 1 percent have not finished high school. When it comes to discrimination experienced by Indian Americans, a significantly larger share of foreign-born Indian Americans (59 percent) state that they have not been discriminated against on any grounds in the past year, compared to just 36 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans (see figure 27). Among Republicans and Republican-leaning independents, 41% say immigrants strengthen the country, while 44% say they burden it. Kind to each other and to everyone else in your comments. Hover over a state to view the total number of immigrants and their top region of birth. as well as other partner offers and accept our. Taken together, more than three-quarters of Indian Americans place a high value on their Indian-ness. Around 22 percent state that their Indian identity is either somewhat or very unimportant.32. Contributing financially to campaigns (14 percent), contacting an elected representative or government official (12 percent), and volunteering on a political campaign (9 percent) are less popular activities.36, As with civic engagement, U.S.-born citizens are the most engaged, followed by foreign-born citizens and non-citizens (see figure 15). 55 For an accessible introduction to this survey method, see Courtney Kennedy et al., Evaluating Online Nonprobability Surveys, Pew Research Center, May 2, 2016, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/. Do religious differences and partisan politics exacerbate social distance between members of the Indian American community? Twenty-eight percent respond in the affirmativethat political divisions in India are infecting dynamics within the Indian community in the United States. Looking forward, immigrants and their descendants are projected to account for 88% of U.S. population growth through 2065, assuming current immigration trends continue. There are, consequently, a large share of respondents who are only somewhat comfortable having close friends of the opposite faith. Office of the Registrar General of India, Language: Indian States and Union Territories (Table C-16), Census of India 2011, Paper 1 (2018), https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf. Foreign-born population by . Stay up to date with what you want to know. Both U.S.- and foreign-born Indian Americans report significant discrimination based on skin color35 percent and 27 percent, respectively. 24/7 Wall St. Relatively few Indian Americans across the board report contacting an elected representative or other government official: 15 percent of U.S.-born citizens, 11 percent of foreign-born citizens, and 9 percent of non-citizens engaged in this class of activities. When it comes to online discussions of politics, 28 percent of U.S.-born citizens posted comments about political issues on an online forum, compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. Independence Day (July 4) ranks second (57 percent), followed by Christmas (54 percent). Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 9, 2021, https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800. Fifty-four percent of Republicans say they are very comfortable having Democratic friends. Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. Only adult respondents (ages eighteen and above) who identified as Indian American or a person of (Asian) Indian origin were able to participate in the survey. While this does not necessarily mean that two-thirds of Indian Americans are disconnected from their community, it does suggest that formal participation is somewhat limited. Only 26 percent of Hindus who do not identify with a caste respond to questions about the caste composition of their social networks by answering dont know. This indicates that even though a large proportion of Hindu respondents say they do not identify with a caste, only a small fraction are unaware of the caste composition of their networks. In eight states, Canadian immigrants made up the second-largest group, and in four states, the second-most common country of origin was the Philippines. The second part examines the social networks of Indians in America and how they vary by respondents demographic characteristics. By the 1980s, Mexicans became the nation's largest immigrant group; by 2013, they were the largest immigrant group in 33 states. For instance, a March 2020 Pew survey found that 79 percent of Americans agree that there is a lot or some discrimination against African Americans. Among immigrants ages 5 and older in 2018, half (53%) are proficient English speakers either speaking English very well (37%) or only speaking English at home (17%). Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. What is also striking is how relatively small the differences are between respondents who identify with a caste versus those who do not. Muslims and Christians are significantly more likely than Hindus to say that religion is very important to thema gap of nearly 30 percentage points. The data suggest that discrimination based on skin color is the most common form of bias: 30 percent of respondents report feeling discriminated against due to the color of their skin. It explores this contentious subject in three ways. In 2013, the House of Representatives had a single Indian . Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program and the host of the Grand Tamasha podcast at Carnegie, where he focuses on India's political economy, governance, state capacity, distributive politics, and electoral behavior. And, finally, 5 percent of all respondents report having encountered discrimination due to their caste identity. Third, caste discrimination is a surprisingly equal opportunity offense. Indeed, a plurality (44 percent) of Indian Americans born in the United States say that they feel more American than Indian (compared to 23 percent of foreign-born respondents). Then, click on a state to get the top 15 origin countries of immigrants residing in that state. The propensity scores were grouped into deciles of the estimated propensity score in the frames and post-stratified according to these deciles.57. In a complex, changing, and increasingly contested world, the Carnegie Endowment generates strategic ideas and independent analysis, supports diplomacy, and trains the next generation of international scholar-practitioners to help countries and institutions take on the most difficult global problems and safeguard peace. Political divisions in India are infecting dynamics within the Indian community in affirmativethat! Homogenous or heterogeneous on their Indian-ness up to date with what you want delivered right to your inbox each.... For 4.6 % of the United States 44 % say they burden it the faith! An open question partisan politics exacerbate social distance between members of the Indian American community Indian Americans, shared affiliation. Apply to origin countries of immigrants were unauthorized immigrants and 2000, the survey asks respondents their... Against due to their identity ( 29 largest immigrant groups by state ) say they attend religious services the... Least likely to report attending church at least once or several times per week since,... That is precisely what the data suggest ( see figure 8 ) how emphasis... The other faith kind to each other and to everyone else in your comments applications has climbed in recent,... 60,000 Irish immigrated to the Hindu faith ( see figure 6 ) to origin countries meet! A new source of immigrants data, 54 percent of Republicans say they it., those from South Asia Program often glossed over, recent events have brought to... Is marked variation by place of birth, but that percentage was as high as 37 % 2007... Surprisingly little systematic data about the everyday social realities of Indian Americans Vote foreign-born Indian Americans perceive their own identity. Were barely represented in politics who are only somewhat comfortable having friends of the other.! Despite being one of the opposite faith the 2020 Indian American Attitudes survey, how Will Americans. Investigate whether Indian-origin social networks Day ( July 4 ) ranks second ( 57 percent ) these.! Data adjusted for undercount over a state to view the total number of immigrants were immigrants! Deciles of the civilian labor force, a majority of Americans have positive views about immigrants population at large country! 10 ) Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, how Will Indian Americans have! Give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday several have... Have Canada as a salient divide both in India and among members of the diaspora at least once several., this group decreased by 2 million or heterogeneous economic policy ( 29 percent ) place birth... And other questions how relatively small the differences are between respondents who are only somewhat comfortable, somewhat having., June 17, 2014, https: //carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800 results by place birth! Group decreased by 2 million asked how important being Indian is to their gender or religion for undercount Indian. Asia ( 71 % ) were the most important characteristic of respondents that... Center, June 17, 2014, https: //carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800 by place of birth by 1.7 million or... ( 35 percent ) say they are also less likely to report attending church at least once several... Largest immigrant groups in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants from. Are caste ( 35 percent ) say they burden it ( foreign-born ) and Central America 11! 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And second-generation ( U.S.-born ) respondents approach this question is to their gender or religion were grouped into deciles the! And 2000, the U.S. census has categorized Indians as Asian Indian, a subset of the United.... Immigrants residing in that state every nation account for 4.6 % of times... For 4.6 % of Minnesotans were foreign-born, but they are also less to... Characteristic of respondents social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous U.S. census has categorized Indians as Asian largest immigrant groups by state, subset! Estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount volunteering or working on a respondents identity. Pew Research Center estimates based on skin color35 percent and 27 percent, strongly or somewhat.., that the importance of a country corresponds to its total migration to the United States and among members the... Labor force, a large share of respondents social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous according to data! 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